“In children, back pain is usually attributed to muscle spasm or sprain,” Dr. Burns said. “It is assumed that disc disease does not occur in children, but my experience says otherwise.”

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 percent of U.S. children (age 6 – 11) and 18 percent of U.S. adolescents (age 12 -19) are overweight. BMI, a mathematical ratio of body weight and height, is a widely used measurement for obesity. Lower BMI is associated with being underweight or a healthy body size; higher BMI scores are associated with being overweight or obese. Children above the 85th percentile are generally classified as overweight or at risk of being overweight.

The researchers were able to determine an age-adjusted BMI for 106 of the total 188 patients. Fifty-four had BMI greater than the 75th percentile for age. Thirty-seven (68.5 percent) of these children showed abnormal findings on their spine MRI. Fifty-two patients fell into the lowest three quartiles. Only 18 (34.6 percent) of the children at or below a healthy weight had an abnormal MRI of the spine.

“We observed a trend toward increased spine abnormality with higher BMI,” Dr. Burns said. “These results demonstrate a strong relationship between increased BMI in the pediatric population and the incidence of lumbar disc disease.”

According to Dr. Burns, data revealed in the study could signal a significant public health problem given the health costs of back pain in the U.S.

“Back pain causes significant morbidity in adults, affecting quality of life and the ability to be productive,” he said.

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Pain in the lower back may be linked to the bony lumbar spine, discs between the vertebrae, ligaments around the spine and discs, spinal cord and nerves, lower back muscles, abdomen and pelvic internal organs, and the skin around the lumbar area. Pain in the upper back may be due to disorders of the aorta, tumors in the chest, and spine inflammation.

What are the risk factors for back pain?

A risk factor is something which increases the likelihood of developing a condition or disease. For example, obesity significantly raises the risk of developing diabetes type 2. Therefore, obesity is a risk factor for diabetes type 2. The following factors are linked to a higher risk of developing low back pain:

A mentally stressful job
Pregnancy – pregnant women are much more likely to get back pain
A sedentary lifestyle
Age – older adults are more susceptible than young adults or children
Anxiety
Depression
Gender – back pain is more common among females than males
Obesity/overweight
Smoking
Strenuous physical exercise (especially if not done properly)
Strenuous physical work

What are the signs and symptoms of back pain?

A symptom is something the patient feels and reports, while a sign is something other people, such as the doctor detect. For example, pain may be a symptom while a rash may be a sign.

The main symptom of back pain is, as the name suggests, an ache or pain anywhere on the back, and sometimes all the way down to the buttocks and legs. In most cases signs and symptoms clear up on their own within a short period.

If any of the following signs or symptoms accompanies a back pain your should see your doctor:

Weight loss
Elevated body temperature (fever)
Inflammation (swelling) on the back
Persistent back pain – lying down or resting does not help
Pain down the legs
Pain reaches below the knees
A recent injury, blow or trauma to your back
Urinary incontinence – you pee unintentionally (even small amounts)
Difficulty urinating – passing urine is hard
Fecal incontinence – you lose your bowel control (you poo unintentionally)
Numbness around the genitals
Numbness around the anus
Numbness around the buttocks

According to the National Health Service (NHS), UK, the following groups of people should seek medical advice if they experience back pain:

People aged less than 20 and more than 55 years
Patients who have been taking steroids for a few months
Drug abusers
Patients with cancer
Patients who have had cancer
Patients with low immune systems

What are the causes of back pain?

The human back is composed of a complex structure of muscles, ligaments, tendons, disks and bones – the segments of our spine are cushioned with cartilage-like pads. Problems with any of these components can lead to back pain. In some cases of back pain, its cause is never found.

Strain – the most common causes of back pain are:
Strained muscles
Strained ligaments
Lifting something improperly
Lifting something that is too heavy
The result of an abrupt and awkward movement
A muscle spasm
Structural problems – the following structural problems may also result in back pain:
Ruptured disks – each vertebra in our spine is cushioned by disks. If the disk ruptures there will be more pressure on a nerve, resulting in back pain.

Bulging disks – in much the same way as ruptured disks, a bulging disk can result in more pressure on a nerve.

Sciatica – a sharp and shooting pain that travels through the buttock and down the back of the leg, caused by a bulging or herniated disk pressing on a nerve.

Arthritis – patients with osteoarthritis commonly experience problems with the joints in the hips, lower back, knees and hands. In some cases spinal stenosis can develop – the space around the spinal cord narrows.

Abnormal curvature of the spine – if the spine curves in an unusual way the patient is more likely to experience back pain. An example is scoliosis, when the spine curves to the side.

Osteoporosis – bones, including the vertebrae of the spine, become brittle and porous, making compression fractures more likely.
Below are some other causes of back pain:

Cauda equina syndrome – the cauda equine is a bundle of spinal nerve roots that arise from the lower end of the spinal cord. People with cauda equine syndrome feel a dull pain in the lower back and upper buttocks, as well as analgesia (lack of feeling) in the buttocks, genitalia and thigh. There are sometimes bowel and bladder function disturbances.

Cancer of the spine – a tumor located on the spine may press against a nerve, resulting in back pain.

Infection of the spine – if the patient has an elevated body temperature (fever) as well as a tender warm area on the back, it could be caused by an infection of the spine.

Other infections – pelvic inflammatory disease (females), bladder or kidney infections.

Sleep disorders – individuals with sleep disorders are more likely to experience back pain, compared to others.

Shingles – an infection that can affect the nerves.

Bad mattress – if a mattress does not support specific parts of the body and keep the spine straight, there is a greater risk of developing back pain.
Everyday activities or poor posture

Back pain can also be the result of some everyday activity or poor posture. Examples include:

Bending awkwardly
Pushing something
Pulling something
Carrying something
Lifting something
Standing for long periods
Bending down for long periods
Twisting
Coughing
Sneezing
Muscle tension
Over-stretching
Sitting in a hunched position for long periods (e.g. when driving)
Long driving sessions without a break (even when not hunched)

Back pain diagnosis

Most GPs (general practitioners, primary care physicians) will be able to diagnose back pain after carrying out a physical examination, and interviewing the patient. In the majority of cases imaging scans are not required.

If the doctor and/or patient suspect some injury to the back, tests may be ordered. Also, if the doctor suspects the back pain might be due to an underlying cause, or if the pain persists for too long, further tests may be recommended.

Suspected disc, nerve, tendon, and other problems – X-rays or some other imaging scan, such as a CT (computerized tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may be used to get a better view of the state of the soft tissues in the patient’s back.

X-rays can show the alignment of the bones and whether the patient has arthritis or broken bones. They are not ideal for detecting problems with muscles, the spinal cord, nerves or disks.

MRI or CT scans – these are good for revealing herniated disks or problems with tissue, tendons, nerves, ligaments, blood vessels, muscles and bones.

Bone scan – a bone scan may be used for detecting bone tumors or compression fractures caused by brittle bones (osteoporosis). The patient receives an injection of a tracer (a radioactive substance) into a vein. The tracer collects in the bones and helps the doctor detect bone problems with the aid of a special camera.
Electromyography or EMG – the electrical impulses produced by nerves in response to muscles is measured. This study can confirm nerve compression which may occur with a herniated disk or spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal).

The doctor may also order a blood test if infection is suspected.

Chiropractic, Osteopathy and Physical Therapy (UK: Physiotherapy)

A chiropractor – the chiropractor will diagnose by touching (palpitation) and a visual inspection. Chiropractic is known as a direct approach, with a strong focus on the adjustments of the spinal joints. Most good chiropractors will also want to see imaging scan results, as well as blood and urine tests.

An osteopath – the osteopathic approach also diagnoses by touching and a visual inspection. Osteopathy involves slow and rhythmic stretching (mobilization), pressure or indirect techniques and manipulations on joints and muscles.

A physical therapist (UK: physiotherapist) – a physical therapist’s training focuses on diagnosing problems in the joints and soft tissues of the body.

What are the treatment options for back pain?

In the vast majority of cases back pain resolves itself without medical help – just with careful attention and home treatment. Pain can usually be addressed with OTC (over-the-counter, no prescription required) painkillers. Resting is helpful, but should not usually last more than a couple of days – too much rest may actually be counterproductive.

Usually back pain is categorized into two types:

Acute – back pain comes on suddenly and persists for a maximum of three months.

Chronic – the pain gradually develops over a longer period, lasts for over three months, and causes long-term problems.
A considerable percentage of patients with back pain experience both occasional bouts of more intense pain as well as more-or-less continuous mild back pain, making it harder for the doctor to determine whether they have acute or chronic back pain.

If home treatments do not give the desired results, a doctor may recommend the following:

Medication – back pain that does not respond well to OTC painkillers may require a prescription NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug). Codeine or hydrocodone – narcotics – may also be prescribed for short periods; they require close monitoring by the doctor.

Some tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, have been shown to alleviate the symptoms of back pain, regardless of whether or not the patient has depression.

Physical Therapy (UK: physiotherapy) – the application of heat, ice, ultrasound and electrical stimulation, as well as some muscle-release techniques to the back muscles and soft tissues may help alleviate pain. As the pain subsides the physical therapist may introduce some flexibility and strength exercises for the back and abdominal muscles. Techniques on improving posture may also help. The patient will be encouraged to practice the techniques regularly, even after the pain has gone, to prevent back pain recurrence.

Cortisone injections – if the above-mentioned therapies are not effective enough, or if the pain reaches down to the patient’s legs, cortisone may be injected into the epidural space (space around the spinal cord). Cortisone is an anti-inflammatory drug; it helps reduce inflammation around the nerve roots. According to The Mayo Clinic, USA, the pain-relief effect will wear off after less than six weeks.

Injections may also be used to numb areas thought to be causing the pain. Botox (botulism toxin), according to some early studies, are thought to reduce pain by paralyzing sprained muscles in spasm. These injections are effective for about three to four months.

Surgery – surgery for back pain is very rare. If a patient has a herniated disk surgery may be an option, especially if there is persistent pain and nerve compression which can lead to muscle weakness. Examples of surgical procedures include:

Fusion – two vertebrae are joined together, with a gone graft inserted between them. The vertebrae are splinted together with metal plates, screws or cages. There is a significantly greater risk for arthritis to subsequently develop in the adjoining vertebrae.

Artificial disk – an artificial disk is inserted; it replaces the cushion between two vertebrae.

Discectomy (partially removing a disk) – a portion of a disk may be removed if it is irritating or pressing against a nerve.

Partially removing a vertebra – a small section of a vertebra may be removed if it is pinching the spinal cord or nerves.
CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) – according to some studies, CBT can help patients manage chronic back pain. The therapy is based on the principle that the way a person feels is, in part, dependent on the way they think about things. People who can be taught to train themselves to react in a different way to pain may experience less perceived pain. CBT may use relaxation techniques as well as strategies to maintain a positive attitude. Studies have found that patients with CBT tend to become more active and do exercise, resulting in a lower risk of back pain recurrence.

Complementary therapies

A large number of patients opt for complementary therapies, as well as conventional treatments; some opt just for complementary therapies.

According to the National Health Service (NHS), UK, chiropractic, osteopathy, shiatsu and acupuncture may help relieve back pain, as well as encouraging the patient to feel relaxed.
An osteopath specializes in treating the skeleton and muscles.

A chiropractor treats joint, muscle and bone problems – the main focus being the spine.

Shiatsu, also known as finger pressure therapy, is a type of massage where pressure is applied along energy lines in the body. The shiatsu therapist applies pressure with his/her fingers, thumbs and elbows.

Acupuncture, which originates from China, consists of inserting fine needles and specific points in the body. Acupuncture can help the body release its natural painkillers – endorphins – as well as stimulating nerve and muscle tissue.

Studies on complementary therapies are have given mixed results. Some people have experienced significant benefit, while others have not. It is important, when considering alternative therapies, to use a well qualified and registered therapist.

TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) – a popular therapy for patients with chronic (long-term) back pain. The TENS machine delivers small electric pulses into the body through electrodes that are place on the skin. Experts believe TENS encourages the body to produce endorphins, and may possibly block pain signals returning to the brain. Studies on TENS have provided mixed results; some revealed no benefits, while others indicated that it could be helpful for some patients.

A TENS machine should be used under the direction of a doctor or health care professional.

Pregnant women, people with epilepsy, people with a pacemaker, and patients with a history of heart disease should not use a TENS machine.

Prevention of back pain

Steps to lower the risk of developing back pain consist mainly of addressing some of the risk factors.

Exercise – regular exercise helps build strength as well as keeping your body weight down. Experts say that low-impact aerobic activities are best; activities that do not strain or jerk the back. Before starting any exercise program, talk to a health care professional.
Core-strengthening exercises; exercises that work the abdominal and back muscles, help strengthen muscles which protect your back.
Flexibility – exercises aimed at improving flexibility in your hips and upper legs may help too.
Smoking – a significantly higher percentage of smokers have back pain incidences compared to non-smokers of the same age, height and weight.

Body weight – the fatter you are the greater your risk of developing back pain. The difference in back pain risk between obese and normal-weight individuals is considerable.

Posture when standing – make sure you have a neutral pelvic position. Stand upright, head facing forward, back straight, and balance your weight evenly on both feet – keep your legs straight.

Posture when sitting – a good seat should have good back support, arm rests and a swivel base (for working). When sitting try to keep your knees and hips level and keep your feet flat on the floor – if you can’t, use a footstool. You should ideally be able to sit upright with support in the small of your back. If you are using a keyboard, make sure your elbows are at right-angles and that your forearms are horizontal.

Lifting things – the secret for protecting your back when lifting things is to think “legs not back”. In other words, use your legs to do the lifting, more than your back. Keep your back as straight as you can, keep your feet apart with one leg slightly forward so you can maintain balance, bend only at the knees, hold the weight close to your body, and straighten the legs while changing the position of your back as little as possible. Bending your back initially is unavoidable, when you bend your back try not to stoop or squat, tighten your stomach muscles so that your pelvis is pulled in. Most important, do not straighten your legs before lifting; otherwise you will be using your back for most of the work.

Do not lift and twist at the same time. If something is particularly heavy, see if you can lift it with someone else. While you are lifting keep looking straight ahead, not up nor down, so that the back of your neck is like a continuous straight line from your spine.

Moving things – remember that it is better for your back to push things across the floor, rather than pulling them.

Shoes – flat shoes place less of a strain on the back.

Driving – it is important to have proper support for your back. Make sure the wing mirrors are properly positioned so you do not need to twist. The pedals should be squarely in front of your feet. If you are on a long journey, have plenty of breaks – get out of the car and walk around.

Your bed – you should have a mattress that keeps you spine straight, while at the same time supporting the weight of your shoulders and buttocks. Use a pillow, but not one that forces your neck into a steep angle.

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“The added demands of the holidays stresses the body, which may increase the risk of injuries related to the extra activities,” says APTA spokesperson and physical therapist E. Anne Reicherter, PT, DPT, PhD. “Using proper body mechanics can help prevent muscle and joint discomfort this holiday season.”

Lifting

- Test an object’s weight before attempting to lift heavy packages or luggage. Try pushing it with your foot. If it seems too heavy then take smaller loads, which are less likely to strain your back and are easier on arm and shoulder muscles.
- Keep the load close to your body when lifting.
- Ask for help or use an assistive device to lift heavy objects.
- Seek help from a physical therapist if your back pain lasts more than a few days or gets worse.

Shopping Without Dropping

- Distribute the weight of shopping bags equally on both sides of your body.
- Consider carrying a small backpack rather than a heavy purse.
- Wear comfortable shoes; carrying packages while wearing high heels on hard surfaces can contribute to foot and ankle injuries.
- Don’t carry overstuffed shopping bags for extended periods.
- Consider using a shopping cart or getting help to carry packages to your car.
- Make frequent trips to the car to drop off purchases.
- Avoid prime shopping times to decrease wait times that can increase or exceed standing/walking time tolerances.
- Plan your shopping trip ahead of time. Having a set list of gifts you intend to buy will help you plan for extra help, if needed, to carry purchases.

Baking

- Choose a work surface that is approximately at the level of your forearms when your elbows are bent at a right angle (90 degrees) or at elbow height. Shoulders and upper back will be in better position and this will decrease the risk of upper back, neck, and shoulder strain.

- Work on a padded surface. If you have tile, vinyl, or wood flooring, for cushioning consider purchasing an inexpensive area rug that has grippers on the back to keep the rug from moving and you from slipping or tripping. Standing long periods on a hard surface can lead to muscle fatigue and back ache.

- Use good lifting mechanics when retrieving small kitchen appliances from lower shelves or drawers. Kneel down if necessary and keep the object close to your body.

- Be careful when bending to take items in and out of a conventional floor-model stove.

- Frequently perform gentle movement exercises to keep the muscles in your neck and shoulders loose.

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Benefits of breastfeeding

Breast milk is the best food for your baby.
Breast milk provides all the food and fluid your baby needs to grow.
Breast milk is always available. — As soon as your baby is born, a hormone is released by your body that tells your breasts to produce milk. The more your baby feeds, the more milk your breasts make.
Breast milk is convenient. — It is always at the right temperature and does not require measuring or special preparation.
Breast milk saves money. — Breast milk is natural and free. Plus, you don’t need to buy formula, extra bottles, or other feeding supplies for your baby.
Breastfeeding is safe for the environment. — Breast milk does not require packaging and doesn’t waste paper, glass, tin, plastic, or rubber. Purchased milk substitute products do require packaging.
Breastfeeding provides comfort to your baby. — By holding your baby close to your skin, you provide warmth to your baby, as well as create a bond between you and your baby that no one else can replace.
Breastfeeding helps your baby’s brain develop. — Studies show that children who are breastfed have higher intelligence scores (by an average of 7 points) than those who are fed breast milk substitutes.
Breastfeeding helps your baby grow into a healthy adult. — Studies show that people who were breastfed have fewer health problems such as diabetes, asthma, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, allergies, skin problems, and lymphoma, as well as a reduced risk of heart attack and stroke.
Breastfeeding produces healthy babies.

Babies who are breastfed for at least six months* have fewer health problems than babies who are fed breast milk substitutes. Breastfed babies have:

Less diarrhea, constipation, and stomach problems because breast milk is easy for babies to digest
Fewer allergies; less ear, urinary tract and respiratory infections; and fewer serious illnesses such as bacterial meningitis and botulism because breast milk contains the mother’s antibodies (disease-fighting cells), which are passed to the baby
Less tooth decay
Good oral development from sucking at the breast
A decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

*It is currently recommended that breastfeeding continue for at least 12 months, and thereafter for as long as desired by you and your baby.

Breastfeeding is healthy for moms

Breastfeeding causes uterine contractions right after birth, leading to less bleeding.
Breastfeeding helps your uterus shrink to its normal size and burns extra calories, helping you get in shape faster.
Breastfeeding reduces your risk of ovarian cancer and pre-menopausal breast cancer.
Breastfeeding reduces your risk of developing osteoporosis.
Common concerns about breastfeeding
1. Are my breasts too small to breastfeed?

Breast size does not affect your ability to breastfeed. The amount of milk your breasts make will depend on how much your baby eats, not how big your breasts are.

2. Will breastfeeding hurt?

Breastfeeding should not hurt if your baby is latched onto your breast well. Your health care provider can help you learn how to hold your baby when you breastfeed for the first time. Your breasts might be tender the first few days, but this soreness should go away as you continue to breastfeed.

3. Is breastfeeding hard to do?

Breastfeeding is a learned skill and takes practice, but the health benefits you are gaining for you and your baby are worth it.

Help with breastfeeding is available. There are many ways for you to learn about breastfeeding. Many hospitals offer breastfeeding classes that you can attend during pregnancy. In most cases, nurses and lactation consultants are also available to give you information and support. Talking to other breastfeeding moms might be helpful and make you feel more comfortable.

4. I am shy and think breastfeeding might embarrass me.

You can choose to feed your baby in private. Or, you can breastfeed in front of others without them seeing anything. You can wear shirts that pull up from the bottom, just enough for your baby to reach your breast. You can put a blanket over your shoulder or around your baby so no one can see your breast.

5. Do I have to drink milk if I choose to breastfeed?

No, you do not have to drink milk to make breast milk. Other sources of calcium-rich foods include yogurt, cheese, tofu, salmon, almonds, calcium-enriched fruit juice, corn tortillas, leafy green vegetables, broccoli, and dried beans and peas. Eat four servings of calcium-rich foods every day to provide proper nutrition for you and your baby.

6. What if I need to go out?

If you can take your baby with you, your baby can eat when he or she is hungry. If you need to be away from your baby, you can learn to pump or “express” your milk and store it so that someone else can feed your baby.

7. How can I breastfeed when I go back to work?

When you return to work, you can learn to pump or “express” your milk and store it so that someone else can feed your milk to your baby while you’re at work.

8. Will breastfeeding take too much time?

Feeding your baby takes time, no matter which method you choose.

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The goal of vulvar care is to keep the vulva dry and free from irritants. In this way, you can prevent the vulva from becoming red, swollen and irritated. Because many infections are introduced into the vagina, these tips also provide a basis for good, vaginal care.

Tips for vulvar care

Use only warm water to wash the vulva. Dry thoroughly with a clean towel. (If the vulva is very irritated, you can try drying it with a blow dryer set on cool.)

The vagina cleanses itself naturally in the form of normal, vaginal discharge. Avoid using douches unless prescribed by your physician. These products can upset the natural balance of organisms.
Wear only white, 100 percent cotton underwear. Avoid wearing nylon, acetate, or other manmade fibers.
Avoid wearing thongs.
Rinse underclothes carefully after washing. Or, double-rinse.
Wash new underclothes before wearing.
Use a mild soap (such as Woolite®) for washing underclothes. Do not use detergents (especially Tide) or fabric softeners (including dryer sheets.)
Use soft toilet tissue (white only).
Use tampons instead of sanitary napkins to control menstrual bleeding. (Do not use deodorant tampons.) Do not leave tampons in for a long period, due to toxic shock syndrome.  Do not leave tampons in all night.
Take Aveeno® sitz baths daily, if prescribed by your health care provider.
Don’t scratch.
Avoid wearing nylon pantyhose or panty girdles. They trap heat and moisture, providing an ideal breeding environment for organisms. When nylons or leggings are required, wear cotton or nylons with a cotton panty.
Avoid these feminine hygiene products, which can irritate the vulva: sanitary pads, feminine spray and deodorants, Vaseline®, oils, greases, bubble baths, bath oils, talc, or powder.

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A person’s eye is naturally spherical in shape. Under normal circumstances, when light enters the eye, it refracts evenly, creating a clear view of the object. However, the eye of a person with astigmatism is shaped more like a football or the back of a spoon. For this person, when light enters the eye, it is refracted more in one direction than the other, allowing only part of the object to be in focus at one time. Objects at any distance can appear blurry and wavy.

Astigmatism causes

Astigmatism can be hereditary and is often present at birth. It can also be the result of pressure from the eyelids on the cornea.

Symptoms of astigmatism

People with undetected astigmatism often experience headaches, fatigue, eyestrain and blurred vision at all distances. While these symptoms may not necessarily be the result of astigmatism, you should schedule an eye exam if you are experiencing one or more symptoms.

Astigmatism diagnosis

Astigmatism can only be diagnosed with a thorough eye exam by your optometrist or ophthalmologist. Astigmatism may occur with other refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness). Unfortunately, astigmatism sometimes goes undetected in school-age children.

Because astigmatisms may increase slowly, you should visit your optometrist or ophthalmologist for an eye exam once a year. Optometrists are trained specifically to determine and improve visual acuity with the prescription of eyeglasses or contact lenses. Ophthalmologists can provide total eye care, from examinations and vision correction to the diagnosis and treatment of disease through medication and surgery.

Astigmatism treatment

Almost all degrees of astigmatism can be corrected with properly prescribed glasses or lenses. For a person with only a slight degree of astigmatism, corrective lenses may not be needed at all, as long as other conditions such as nearsightedness or farsightedness are not present. If the astigmatism is moderate to high, however, corrective lenses are probably needed.

For moderate to high astigmatism, special corrective lenses called toric lenses are prescribed. Toric lenses have greater light bending power in one direction than the other. After performing various tests, your eye doctor will determine the ideal toric lens prescription for your astigmatism.

Another method for correcting astigmatism is by changing the shape of the cornea through refractive surgery. While there is more than one type of refractive surgery, specific treatments are recommended on an individual basis.

Refractive surgeries require generally healthy eyes. As technology progresses, it is important that you explore all options and possibilities with a qualified refractive surgery specialist before deciding which refractive surgery and treatment is right for you.

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Athlete’s foot and jock itch are common in adolescents and adult males. These rashes do not spread easily, and both infections can be treated at home. Ringworm of the scalp is different. It is most common in children and easily spreads. In rare cases, the fungus will be caught from an infected pet. Treatment requires medication prescribed by a health care provider. A child with ringworm may need to stay at home until treatment has been started.

What are the symptoms of athlete’s foot?

You may have athlete’s foot if you have:

Itching and burning between the toes
Red, scaly, cracked skin between the toes
A rash that becomes raw and weepy when scratched
A rash that may have blisters (severe cases)
Feet that have an unpleasant odor
A rash or scaling that occurs on the bottom of the feet

Athlete’s foot treatment

Athlete’s foot can be treated with an over-the-counter antifungal cream or powder, such as Tinactin®, Micatin®, Lotrimin-AF®, or Lamisil®. First, rinse and dry your feet, especially between the toes. Spread the cream over the rash and beyond its borders. Continue to apply the cream twice daily for several weeks until the rash clears.

How can I prevent athlete’s foot?

You can prevent athlete’s foot if you:

Bathe your feet regularly, using soap between the toes.
Keep your feet dry and clean.
Wear comfortable shoes and socks made from natural fibers such as wool and cotton.
Dry feet completely before putting on socks and shoes.
Use an antifungal powder, lotion, or spray on a regular basis if you are prone to athlete’s foot.

What are the symptoms of jock itch?

Symptoms of jock itch include:

Burning, itchy rash in the groin and upper, inner thigh.
A rash that may be ringed by a scaly border. The border may have blisters.

How is jock itch treated?

As with athlete’s foot, you can treat jock itch with an over-the-counter antifungal medication. Apply the medication twice daily until the rash goes away. Contact your health care provider if the rash does not improve after several weeks of treatment.

How can I protect myself from jock itch?

Ways to prevent jock itch include:

Wear loose fitting cotton underwear and pants.
Keep the groin area clean and dry.

What are the symptoms of ringworm of the scalp?

Symptoms of ringworm include:

Round patches of hair loss that slowly increase in size. The rash may be slightly raised or have a black-dot, stubbly appearance.

Scaly patches which are swollen and pink with blisters. The scaly patches may develop a white pus-filled center that clears, leaving a scaly ring.
This type of ringworm is more common among black children and can lead to scarring and hair loss.

A dry, crusty scalp that flakes like dandruff in children who have outgrown cradle cap.

A mildly itchy area on the scalp.

How is ringworm of the scalp treated?

Ringworm of the scalp cannot be treated with lotions. Your health care provider must prescribe a medication taken by mouth. In most cases, medication is taken once a day for six to eight weeks. Your child may also need to use a prescription shampoo or an over-the-counter dandruff shampoo that contains selenium sulfide, such as Selsun Blue®. (The shampoo will help prevent the spread of ringworm, but it will not cure it.)

How can I keep my child’s ringworm from spreading to others?
Until treatment has begun, you should:

Prevent others from using your child’s hair care items.
Prevent others from using your child’s personal items, such as clothing, towels, and bed linens.
Limit your child’s play with other children.

How can I protect my child from ringworm?

Ways to prevent ringworm include:

Avoid braiding hair tightly or using gels on the hair. (Gels may encourage fungus to cling to the scalp.)
Limit contact with children who have ringworm.
Limit contact with personal items of children who have ringworm (clothing, towels, bedding, hair care items, etc.).

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What is contact dermatitis?

Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes in contact with a substance that causes an allergic reaction (allergic contact dermatitis) or when there is an injury to the skin’s surface (irritant contact dermatitis).

Skin can become allergic to a substance after many exposures or after just one exposure. (Most people will have an allergic reaction to poison ivy after one exposure, for instance.) Common sources of allergic contact dermatitis include cosmetics, rubber, nickel, and other metals.

Substances that can irritate the skin include detergents, soaps, cleaners, waxes, and chemicals. These substances can wear down the oily, protective layer on the skin’s surface and lead to irritant contact dermatitis. This condition is most common among people who regularly work with strong chemicals, such as restaurant, maintenance, and chemical workers.

Symptoms of contact dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis:

Skin reddening
Blisters that ooze (Fluid from blisters is not contagious. It will not spread the skin rash to other parts of the body or to other people.)
Itching which can become intense
Swelling in eyes, face, and genital areas (severe cases)
Irritant contact dermatitis:

Mild swelling
Stiff, tight-feeling skin
Dry, cracking skin
Blisters
Painful ulcers
Symptoms vary, depending on the cause of dermatitis

Contact dermatitis diagnosis

If you have a skin rash that won’t go away, visit your health care provider. If the doctor suspects allergic contact dermatitis, he or she may perform patch tests. In this test, the doctor places small samples of chemicals on an area of skin to see if a rash develops.

There are no tests for irritant contact dermatitis. Tell your health care provider about any irritating substances or chemicals that you regularly come into contact with (including cosmetics, lotions, and nail polish).

With either type of contact dermatitis, you can avoid substances you suspect to see if the rash goes away.

Contact dermatitis treatment

The form of treatment will depend on the cause of your dermatitis. Common treatments include:

Cortisone-type creams (In severe cases, these drugs may be given by mouth.)
Antihistamines (a medicine to relieve itching)
Dry skin (lotions and creams)
Oatmeal baths (to relieve itching)
How can I prevent contact dermatitis?
For allergic contact dermatitis:

Avoid contact with substances that cause the skin rash.
Wash any area that comes into contact with allergic substances.
Learn to recognize poison oak and poison ivy plants.

For irritant contact dermatitis:

Wear cotton gloves under rubber gloves for all wet work. You can also use petroleum jelly to protect your skin. Reapply the petroleum jelly two or three times a day and after washing your hands.
Avoid contact with substances that irritate your skin.
Use mild soaps.
Use hand creams and lotions frequently.

What is atopic dermatitis?

Atopic dermatitis is a skin condition that may be passed on from parents to children. It can occur at any time in life, but usually first appears when children are infants, and may not diminish until early adulthood. More than half of infants with atopic dermatitis grow out of the condition by school age, though flare-ups can occur throughout life.

The condition is most common among families who have a history of environmental allergies. Though food allergies may cause flare-ups, removing suspected foods (such as eggs, milk, fish, wheat, and peanuts) from your child’s diet is not likely to cure the problem. If you suspect that a food is worsening the rash, discuss this with your health care provider.

Atopic dermatitis can also worsen when the skin comes into contact with irritating substances such as harsh soaps and scratchy, tight-fitting clothing. Scratching can also promote infections that require treatment.

Symptoms of atopic dermatitis

In infants:

Red, very itchy dry patches of skin
Rash on the cheeks that often begins at 2 to 6 months of age
Rash oozes when scratched. Symptoms can become worse if the child scratches the rash.

In adolescence and early adulthood:

Rash on creases of hands, elbows, wrists, and knees, and sometimes on the feet, ankles, and neck
Dry, scaly, brownish-gray skin rash
Thickened skin with markings
Skin rash may bleed and crust after scratching.

Atopic dermatitis treatment

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition, which means that it cannot be cured. Treatments, however, are very effective in reducing the symptoms of itching and dry skin.

Your health care provider can prescribe lotions and oral medications (those taken by mouth). These treatments include corticosteroid creams and antihistamines. Follow your health care provider’s instructions for using the medications.

To help your child, you can also:

Avoid long, hot baths, which can dry the skin. Use lukewarm water instead and give your child sponge baths.

Apply lotion immediately after bathing while the skin is still moist. This will help trap moisture in the skin.

Keep the room temperature as regular as possible. Changes in room temperature and humidity can dry the skin.

Keep your child dressed in cotton. Wool, silk, and manmade fabrics such as polyester can irritate the skin.

Use mild laundry soap and make sure that clothes are well rinsed.

Watch for skin infections. Contact your health care provider if you notice an infection.

Avoid rubbing or scratching the rash.

Use moisturizers several times daily. In infants, with atopic dermatitis, moisturizing on a regular basis (with each diaper change for example) is extremely helpful.

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The main symptom of tennis elbow is pain and inflammation on the outside of the elbow. Pain can also spread into the forearm and wrist.

According to Medilexicon’s medical dictionary:

Tennis elbow is a “chronic inflammation at the origin of the extensor muscles of the forearm from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, as a result of unusual or repetitive strain (not necessarily from playing tennis).”

Symptoms can also sometimes occur on the inner side of the elbow. This is often referred to as golfer’s elbow.

The elbow joint

It is surrounded by muscles that move the elbow, wrist and fingers. The tendons in the elbow join the bones and muscles together. They control the muscles of the forearm that are located around the lateral epicondyle.

Tennis elbow occurs when one or more of the tendons in the elbow become inflamed. The pain occurs at the spot where the tendons of the forearm muscle attach to the bone.

When this area becomes inflamed, certain movements that use the forearm can be painful (twisting movements may be particularly painful).

Tennis elbow usually occurs in adults. The condition occurs mostly in those who are between 30 and 50 years of age.

In most cases of tennis elbow the symptoms will clear up regardless of whether the patient receives treatment or not. Anti-inflammatory painkillers can often help to reduce mild pain and inflammation. If pain is severe or prolonged, a cortisone (steroid) injection may be recommended. Occasionally, surgery may be used to treat very severe and persistent cases.

Symptoms of tennis elbow

A symptom is something the patient feels and reports, while a sign is something other people, such as the doctor detect. For example, pain may be a symptom while a rash may be a sign.

Symptoms of tennis elbow may include:

A painful grip during certain activities, such as shaking hands or turning a doorknob, pouring a pitcher of liquid, lifting something with the palm down.

Difficulty holding certain objects, such as a coffee cup. Pain that is caused by lifting, or bending the arm.

Pain when writing, or when gripping small objects, such as a pen.

Weakness of the forearm.

Pain that gets worse over weeks or months.

Pain that radiates from the outside of the elbow into the forearm and wrist.

Pain when extending the wrist.

Difficulty extending forearm fully.

The pain of tennis elbow is similar to golfer’s elbow. But golfer’s elbow occurs on the inside of the elbow.

Self-care steps such as rest, ice and use of over-the-counter pain relievers should ease elbow pain and tenderness. Seek medical care if:

Elbow is hot and inflamed, and there is a fever

Elbow cannot bend

Elbow looks deformed

Suspicion there could be a broken a bone

Pain

The pain that is caused by tennis elbow usually lasts for between 6 to12 weeks. However, some people have pain for as little as three weeks, while others may experience discomfort in their elbow joint for several years.

The pain can range from mild discomfort when using the elbow, to severe pain that can be felt even when the elbow is still, or even when sleeping. There can be stiffness in the arm. This can gets progressively worse as the damage to the tendon increases.

As the body tries to compensate for the weakness in the elbow, pain or stiffness may be experienced in other parts of the affected arm, the shoulder, or neck.

 Causes of tennis elbow

This inflammation can occur as a result of small tears in the tendon. They become inflamed. Excessive, or repeated, use of the muscles that straighten the wrist can injure the tendons in the arm and elbow. If these injuries are not allowed to heal fully, they can tear again, leading to the formation of rough tissue.

A protein called collagen leaks out from around the injured areas, causing inflammation. The inflamed tendon can cut off blood flow and pinch the radial nerve. It is one of the major nerves that control the muscles in the arm and hand. This causes pain when the arm is used.

Usually, tennis elbow occurs after doing an activity where the forearm muscles are heavily used, without having used them much before. However, even people who use their forearm muscles frequently can still develop the condition.

Activities that can cause tennis elbow

The tendons in the elbow can be injured by overuse of the forearm muscles in repeated actions such as:

gardening and other common arm motions, including painting, raking and weaving

manual work that involves repetitive turning, or lifting of the wrist, such as plumbing or bricklaying

racquet sports

sports that involve lots of throwing

swimming

typing

using scissors

The risk of getting tennis elbow is higher if racquet sports, such as tennis, or squash, are played regularly. The risk also increases when returning to these sports after not playing for a long time. Repeated use of the backhand stroke with poor technique can cause the condition.

Risk factors of tennis elbow

Tennis elbow is most common in adults ages 30 to 50. However the condition can affect anyone who repetitively stresses the wrists.

Anyone who uses repetitive movements for at least two hours a day is at greater risk. People who smoke also have a higher risk of developing tennis elbow.

 Tennis elbow diagnosis

A simple at-home test can be performed to help determine whether you have tennis elbow:

Stand behind a chair and place hands on top of the chair back with palms down. Try to lift the chair up. If this causes pain on the outside of your elbow, it is most likely tennis elbow.

During the medical assessment, the affected arm will be examined and symptoms will be reviewed. The pain and stiffness will be evaluated by applying pressure to the affected area, moving the elbow, wrist and fingers in various ways.

X-ray

Tennis elbow itself cannot be seen on an X-ray. However, an X-ray may be recommended in order to rule out other conditions, such as arthritis, a fracture, or an injury inside the elbow joint.

MRI or ultrasound scan

These may be recommended to make sure that the pain is not being caused by pressure on a nerve. In the case of severe tennis elbow that has failed to heal, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, or an ultrasound scan may be needed. This will produce a more detailed image than an X-ray, as it includes the soft tissues, muscles, and tendons inside the arm.

Complications of tennis elbow

Left untreated, tennis elbow can result in chronic pain. The pain can get worse, especially when lifting or gripping objects. Also, using the affected arm too strenuously before the elbow has healed can worsen the problem.

Treatment for tennis elbow

Tendons are slow to heal and therefore the symptoms can last for a number of weeks, or months. In some cases, they can persist for up to a year. However, tennis elbow is a condition that will eventually clear up by itself. Tennis elbow often gets better on its own in six months to two years.

Painkillers

Avoid any activities that put more stress on the tendons.

If the pain is affecting function, initial treatment of tennis elbow usually involves self-care steps including rest, icing the area and use of acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications can also be used, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) or naproxen (Aleve, others). Children under 16 years of age should not take aspirin.

However, these medications are not recommended for long-term use because they can cause serious gastrointestinal problems.

As well as tablets, anti-inflammatory painkillers are also available in the form of creams and gels which can be rubbed into the affected area. There is indication that these may be more effective at providing pain relief from tennis elbow compared with tablets.

Analyzing technique

Experts can evaluate tennis technique or job tasks to determine the best steps to reduce stress on the injured tissue. This may mean switching to two-handed backhand in tennis, or taking ergonomic steps at work.

Exercises

A doctor or a physical therapist may suggest exercises to gradually stretch and strengthen the muscles, especially of the forearm.

Orthotics

A doctor may suggest wearing straps or braces to reduce stress on the injured tissue.

Vibration therapy

It can be used for localized pain relief and inflammation with vibration therapy devices available for home use.

Cortisone steroid injections

If tennis elbow symptoms are particularly severe and persistent, and the condition is making movement difficult, a steroid injection may be recommended. Cortisone is the steroid that is usually used because it helps to reduce inflammation.

Cortisone will be injected into the tender spot in the elbow using a fine needle. It is usually combined with an anesthetic so that it is not painful. Most people who have a cortisone injection find that their pain improves significantly, or disappears completely.

However, in some cases, the pain relief is only temporary. In such cases, two, or three, steroid injections may be needed over the course of a number of weeks.

Injectable corticosteroids rarely cause serious side effects.

The use of topical corticosteroids for pain relief may be suggested. These corticosteroids are absorbed through the skin during treatments called phonophoresis or iontophoresis.

Surgery

If other approaches have not relieved pain, surgery may be recommended in cases of severe, persistent tennis elbow. The operation involves removing the damaged part of the tendon in order to relieve the symptoms of pain. Only about one in 10 people with tennis elbow need surgery.

Research

Other treatments for tennis elbow are under investigation. Some treatments being studied include acupuncture, botulinum toxin and topical nitric oxide.

Other treatments with limited scientific support include:

Blood injection (possibly augmented by plateletpheresis)

Extra-corporeal shock wave therapy (lithotriptor)

Heat therapy

Low level laser therapy

Pulsed ultrasound to break up scar tissue, promote healing, and increase blood flow in the area

Sclerotherapy

Trigger point therapy

How can tennis elbow be prevented?

It is often difficult to avoid the sudden onset of tennis elbow. Recommendations to prevent tennis elbow from developing or prevent it from reoccurring:

If playing a sport that uses repetitive movements (such as tennis), get some professional advice about technique in order to avoid strain on the elbow.

Warming up before playing a sport that involves repetitive arm movements (such as tennis or squash) and gently stretching arm muscles will help avoid injury.

Using lightweight tools, or racquets, and enlarging their grip size, will help prevent putting excess strain on tendons. Use of a racket designed to dampen the effect of ball striking.

Increasing the strength of forearm muscles can help to prevent tennis elbow from occurring. A physiotherapist can advise about suitable exercises that will help build up the muscles of the forearm.

If you have tennis elbow:

stop doing the activity that is causing the pain, or find an alternative way of doing it that does not place stress on your tendons. Protect the elbow from further injury by not using the joint. If a particular sport or work activity causes symptoms, stop the activity until your symptoms improve.

Do not use wrist and elbow more than the rest of the arm. Try spreading the load to the larger muscles of the shoulder and upper arm.

Wearing an arm brace, or a wrist splint and taking it off while resting, or sleeping. This can help prevent further damage to the tendons.

Give your elbow a rest but do not avoid all activity. Sometimes, wearing a forearm splint at night helps reduce morning symptoms.

Use a cold pack, ice massage, slush bath or compression sleeve filled with cold water to limit swelling after an injury. Try to apply ice as soon as possible after the injury.

Soft tissue release or massage can help reduce the muscular tightness and reduce the tension on the tendons.

Use an elastic wrap or bandage to compress the injured area.

Keep elbow above heart level when possible to help prevent or limit swelling.

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Repetitive strain injury is typically related to an occupation (job), but may also be linked to some kinds of leisure activity. As opposed to a sudden or ‘normal’ injury, RSI signs and symptoms may continue for much longer.

Experts say that repetitive strain injury is an injury of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems that may be the result of repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, vibrations, pressing against hard surfaces (mechanical compression), or sustained or awkward positions. Conditions such as RSI tend to be linked to both physical and psychosocial stressors (mental stress).

A US study found that acute and sudden computer-related injuries, a separate category to injuries that take a while to emerge like repetitive strain injury, are rising rapidly in the US, and that young children are most affected.

Many health care professionals refer to RSI as ULD (upper limb disorder) because it frequently involves the forearm, elbow, wrist or hands. RSI often affects the neck as well.

The following are examples of repetitive strain injuries:

Bursitis – happens when the bursa is inflamed. The bursa acts as a cushion between bones, tendons, joints and muscles – bursae are fluid-filled sacs (the plural of bursa is bursae). People with bursitis will feel pain at the site of inflammation.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) – caused by the compression of the median nerve through the carpal tunnel in the wrist area. When constricted, blood cannot flow freely through the hand to the fingers causing individuals with CTS to experience numbness and pain in the hand.
Diffuse RSI – conditions are where the patient complains of pain and yet, on examination by a health care professional, nothing physical can be found to be wrong.
Dupuytren’s contracture – a condition that affects the hands and fingers. It is an uncommon hand deformity in which the connective tissue under the skin of the palm contract and toughen over time. It causes one or more of the fingers on one or both hands to bend into the palm of the hand.
Epicondylitis – often occurs as a result of strenuous overuse of the muscles and tendons where the bone and tendon join. Tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow are examples.
Ganglion – fluid-filled swellings that tend to form on top of joints or tendons in the wrists, hands, and feet. They have the appearance of firm or spongy sacs of liquid and their insides consist of a sticky, clear, thick, jelly-like fluid.
Rotator cuff syndrome – inflammation of tendons and muscles in the shoulder.
Tendinitis – also known as tendonitis, is the inflammation of a tendon.
Tenosynovitis – the sheath around the tendon becomes inflamed, specifically the inner lining of the tendon sheath.
Trigger finger – a condition in which one of your fingers or your thumb catches in a bent position. The tendon sheaths of the fingers or thumb become inflamed – the tendon is also inflamed.

RSI is frequently caused by such activities as golf or tennis – activities which require repetitive movements. Signs and symptoms generally persist if left untreated. Experts say that the number of people experiencing RSI as a result of computer use has been increasing for many years. RSI that is caused by typing on a computer keyboard is often referred to as writer’s cramp.

Experts often refer to two main types of RSI:

Type 1 RSI – usually caused by repetitive tasks, but not always; some people who do not perform repetitive tasks may have Type 1 RSI. The muscles and tendons swell. Examples of Type 1 RSI include:

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Tendinitis (tendonitis)

Tenosynovitis

Type 2 RSI – there is a feeling of pain but no obvious inflammation or swelling in the area where symptoms are felt. The National Health Service (NHS), UK, refers to Type 2 RSI “when a person’s symptoms do not fit into one of the (above listed) conditions”. Also called non-specific pain syndrome.

What are the signs and symptoms of repetitive strain injury (RSI)?

A symptom is something the patient feels and reports, while a sign is something other people, such as the doctor detect. For example, pain may be a symptom while a rash may be a sign.

Signs and symptoms vary, depending on which part of the body is affected, and what caused the problem in the first place. Initially, symptoms may only occur when the individual is doing the repetitive task – they will slowly go away when the person rests. Eventually, though, symptoms may be present all the time (and worsen during the repetitive task) if left untreated.

The most common RSI signs and symptoms include:

Tenderness in the affected muscle or joint

Pain in the affected muscle or joint

A throbbing (pulsating) sensation in the affected area

Pins and needles (tingling) in the affected area, especially the hand or arm

Loss of sensation in the hand

Loss of strength in the hand

Some patients with persistent symptoms may have sleeping problems – the condition is often irreversible at this stage. Early treatment is much more likely to prevent any irreversible damage.

What are the causes of repetitive strain injury (RSI)?

Experts say the causes of RSI are a bit of a mystery. Sometimes there is no swelling in the muscles or tendons, but the patient feels pain and discomfort. We know that often repetitive movements of a part of the body are linked to symptoms – movements, such as typing, using a computer mouse, poor posture while doing a movement, using excessive force, doing the repetitive movements without sufficient breaks, etc. But the precise reason for RSI is not clear. Neither do we know why some people develop RSI and others don’t, when doing the same tasks for similar periods.

Some studies indicate that some psycho-social workplace factors, such as stress may be significant contributory factors to RSI. Perhaps stress affects our muscles (makes them tense), which in turn makes us more sensitive to pain.

The following are seen as causes of RSI:

The overuse of muscles in our hands, wrists, arms, shoulders, neck and back are linked to RSI symptoms.

The area is affected by repeated actions, which are usually performed on a daily basis over a long period.

The repetitive actions are done in a cold place.

The individual has to use vibrating equipment.

Forceful movements are involved.

Workstations are poorly organized.

Equipment is badly designed.

The individual commonly adopts an awkward posture.

There are not enough rest breaks.

How is repetitive strain injury (RSI) diagnosed?

There is no objective way to diagnose RSI – there are no tests to confirm a diagnosis. Signs and symptoms could be caused by a wide range of factors.

A health care professional will usually diagnose RSI if the signs and symptoms can be linked to a specific repetitive task, and the symptoms lessen when the task is stopped.

If the patient develops a definable condition, such as frozen shoulder, carpal tunnel syndrome or tendinitis, it may or may not be linked to repetitive tasks.

What are the treatment options for repetitive strain injury (RSI)?

The National Health Service (NHS), UK, advises people to see their doctor as soon as they experience symptoms. Early treatment is more likely to result in effective outcomes.

A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) will probably ask the patient to stop doing the repetitive movements which may be causing the symptoms. If this is not possible, as may be the case with work-related activities, the individual needs to tell his/her employer.

The aim of treatment is to help ease the pain, and to enable the patient to gain strength and mobility in the affected area.

Pain relief – a course of anti-inflammatory painkillers, such as ibuprofen or aspirin may help. Children under 16 years of age should not take aspirin. The following may also help:

Use of heat (applying heat to the affected area)

Cold packs

Elastic supports

Firm splints

Steroid injections – these may be administered if there is a well defined inflammation in the affected area.

Sleep – if the patient is having sleeping problems the doctor may prescribe a short course of sleeping tablets. Good sleep may help relax the patient and alter his/her perception and susceptibility to pain.

Physical therapy (UK: physiotherapy), exercise and relaxation techniques – a physical therapist (UK: physiotherapist) may help the patient adopt proper posture, as well as teaching him/her to strengthen muscles. Electrotherapy may also be used – small electrical impulses are placed at specific points of the body to help reduce pain. The following may also provide benefits:

Walking

Swimming

A Danish study found that five exercises reduced neck pain for women office workers.

Yoga

Tai chi

Mediation and relaxation techniques

Some say the “Alexander Technique” helps

Scientists at the University of British Columbia, Canada, found that “physical activity is associated with a lower risk of work-related repetitive strain injury”.

Occupational Therapy – by analyzing the following factors with the help of an occupational therapist, there may be ways of adopting measures to reduce symptoms:

Working with a computer – is your equipment positioned properly. Are your seat, keyboard and mouse positioned in the best way to minimize strain on your hands, fingers, arms, back and neck. Adaptive technology, such as special keyboards, mouse replacements, pen tablets interfaces, and speech recognition software may help.
Posture – are you sitting correctly?
Breaks – when doing repetitive tasks are you getting enough breaks? There is software that reminds computer users it is time to have a break.
Work environment – is there anything your employer might do to improve your working environment?
Stress – is there anything you can do to alleviate (treat) your level of stress?

Many patients experience reduced symptoms, or total elimination of symptoms if prevention and treatment measures are carried out. Others, however, continue to suffer regardless. Unfortunately, there are cases of people having to leave/change their jobs.

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